Bioinformatic Identification of Signaling Pathways and Hub Genes in Vascular Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Vascular dementia (VaD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment due to cerebrovascular factors, affecting a significant portion of the aging population and highlighting the critical need to understand specific targets and mechanisms for effective prevention and treatment strategies. We aimed to identify pathways and crucial genes involved in the progression of VaD through bioinformatics analysis and subsequently validate these findings. METHODS: We conducted differential expression analysis, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis. We utilized pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells to create an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. We investigated the impact of overexpression and interference of adrenoceptor alpha 1D (ADRA1D) on OGD PC12 cells using TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot (WB), and Fluo-3-pentaacetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-3 AM) analysis. RESULTS: We found 187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the red module that were strongly associated with VaD and were primarily enriched in vasoconstriction, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and cell adhesion. Among these pathways, we identified ADRA1D as a gene shared by vasoconstriction, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. The TUNEL assay revealed a significant decrease in PC12 cell apoptosis with ADRA1D overexpression (p < 0.01) and a significant increase in apoptosis upon silencing ADRA1D (p < 0.01). RT-qPCR and WB analysis revealed elevated ADRA1D expression (p < 0.001) and decreased phospholipase C beta (PLCß) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) expression (p < 0.05) with ADRA1D overexpression. Moreover, the Fluo-3 AM assessment indicated significantly lower intracellular Ca2+ levels with ADRA1D overexpression (p < 0.001). Conversely, interference with ADRA1D yielded opposite results. CONCLUSION: Our study provides a new perspective on the pathogenic mechanisms of VaD and potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. The results highlight the role of ADRA1D in modulating cellular responses to OGD and VaD, suggesting its potential as a target for VaD treatment.

Formononetin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by targeting the PARP-1/PARG/Iduna signaling pathway.

Formononetin has been demonstrated to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, however its mechanism has to be further researched. This study examined the effect of formononetin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats using the PARP-1/PARG/Iduna signaling pathway. In male SD rats, a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was developed. Animals were randomly assigned to one of eight groups: Sham operation, Sham operation + formononetin, MCAO, MCAO + formononetin, PARP inhibitor (PJ34) + MCAO, formononetin + PJ34 + MCAO, PARG inhibitor (Ethacridine lactate) + MCAO, and ethacridine lactate + formononetin. The neurological deficit test, TTC staining, HE staining, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, and western blotting were utilized to assess formononetin's protective effects in MCAO rats. The data show that formononetin can effectively alleviate neurological dysfunction and pathological changes in brain tissue in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, reduce the area of cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis, decrease the protein levels of PARP-1, PARG, Caspase-3, P53, and AIF in brain tissue, and increase the protein levels of Iduna and p-AKT. As a result, we concluded that formononetin improves brain ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by modulating the PARP-1/PARG/Iduna signaling pathway.

Elucidating the mechanisms of formononetin in modulating atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis(AS) poses a pressing challenge in contemporary medicine. Formononetin (FMN) plays a crucial role in its prevention and treatment. However, the detailed impact of FMN on the stability of atherosclerotic plaques and its underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. METHODS: An intervention consisting of FMN was given along with a high-fat food regimen in the ApoE-/- mouse model. The investigation included the evaluation of the degree of atherosclerotic lesion, the main components of the plaque, lipid profiles, particular markers indicating M1/M2 macrophage phenotypes, the quantities of factors related to inflammation, the infiltration of macrophages, and the identification of markers linked to the α7nAChR/JAK2/STAT3 axis effect molecules. RESULTS: The evaluation of aortic morphology in ApoE-/-mice revealed that FMN significantly improved the plaque area, fibrous cap protrusion, lipid deposition, and structural alterations on the aortic surface, among other markers of atherosclerosis,and there is concentration dependence. Furthermore, the lipid content of mouse serum was assessed, and the results showed that the low-, medium-, and high-dosage FMN groups had significantly lower levels of LDL-C, ox-LDL, TC, and TG. The results of immunohistochemical staining indicated that the low-, medium-, and high-dose FMN therapy groups had enhanced CD206 expression and decreased expression of CD68 and iNOS. According to RT-qPCR data, FMN intervention has the potential to suppress the expression of iNOS, COX-2, miR-155-5p, IL-6, and IL-1ß mRNA, while promoting the expression of IL-10, SHIP1, and Arg-1 mRNA levels. However, the degree of inhibition varied among dosage groups. Western blot investigation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway proteins and cholinergic α7nAChR protein showed that p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expression was suppressed at all dosages, whereas α7nAChR protein expression was enhanced. CONCLUSIONS: According to the aforementioned findings, FMN can reduce inflammation and atherosclerosis by influencing macrophage polarization, blocking the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and increasing α7nAChR expression.

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia associated with GRN and ErbB4 gene mutations: a case report and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical manifestation and genetic characteristics of a patient having frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with abnormal behavior and unstable walking. METHODS: The clinical and imaging features of a patient who was eventually diagnosed with FTD were analyzed. The patient's neuropsychological, PET-CT, electromyography, and genetic data were collected. Furthermore, the patient's blood samples were examined for FTD-related genes. RESULTS: The patient was a 52-year-old man with hidden onset. The symptoms progressed gradually, presenting with abnormal behaviors, including repeated shopping, taking away other people's things, constantly eating snacks, and frequently calling friends at night. The patient also exhibited executive dysfunction, such as the inability to cook and multiple driving problems, e.g., constantly deviates from his lane while driving. In addition, the patient showed personality changes such as irritability, indifference, and withdrawal, as well as motor symptoms, including unstable walking and frequent falls when walking. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed hippocampal sclerosis along with widening and deepening of the bilateral temporal lobe sulcus. Brain metabolic imaging via PET-CT demonstrated decreased metabolism in the bilateral prefrontal lobe, with the abnormal energy metabolism indicating FTD. Lastly, blood sample analysis detected mutations in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related GRN gene c.1352C > T (p.P451L) and ErbB4 gene c.256 T > C (p.Y86H). CONCLUSION: This is the first case of heterozygous mutations in the GRN and ErbB4 genes in FTD alone. The GRN and ErbB4 genes are likely to be important in the pathogenesis of FTD, expanding the common genetic profile of ALS and FTD.

Bioinformatic Identification of Signaling Pathways and Hub Genes in Vascular Dementia

Background: Vascular dementia (VaD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment due to cerebrovascular factors, affecting a significant portion of the aging population and highlighting the critical need to understand specific targets and mechanisms for effective prevention and treatment strategies. We aimed to identify pathways and crucial genes involved in the progression of VaD through bioinformatics analysis and subsequently validate these findings. Methods: We conducted differential expression analysis, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis. We utilized pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells to create an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. We investigated the impact of overexpression and interference of adrenoceptor alpha 1D (ADRA1D) on OGD PC12 cells using TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot (WB), and Fluo-3-pentaacetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-3 AM) analysis. Results: We found 187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the red module that were strongly associated with VaD and were primarily enriched in vasoconstriction, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and cell adhesion. Among these pathways, we identified ADRA1D as a gene shared by vasoconstriction, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. The TUNEL assay revealed a significant decrease in PC12 cell apoptosis with ADRA1D overexpression (p < 0.01) and a significant increase in apoptosis upon silencing ADRA1D (p < 0.01). RT-qPCR and WB analysis revealed elevated ADRA1D expression (p < 0.001) ... (AU)

Identification of the Metabolites of Both Formononetin in Rat Hepatic S9 and Ononin in Rat Urine Samples and Preliminary Network Pharmacology Evaluation of Their Main Metabolites.

Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., which has the same medicinal and edible uses in China. It is also widely used in daily food, and its pharmacological effects mainly include antioxidant effects, vascular softening effects, etc. Currently, it is increasingly widely used in the prevention of hypertension, cerebral ischemia, and stroke in China. Formononetin and its glucopyranoside (ononin) are both important components of Astragalus membranaceuss and may play important roles in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study conducted metabolic studies using formononectin and its glucopyranoside (ononin), including a combination of the in vitro metabolism of Formonetin using rat liver S9 and the in vivo metabolism of ononin administered orally to rats. Five metabolites (Sm2, 7, 9, 10, and 12) were obtained from the solution incubated with formononetin and rat hepatic S9 fraction using chromatographic methods. The structures of the five metabolites were elucidated as (Sm2)6,7,4'-trihydroxy-isoflavonoid; (Sm7)7,4'-dihydroxy-isoflavonoid; (Sm9)7,8,4'-trihydroxy-isoflavonoid; (Sm10)7,8,-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-isoflavonoid; and (Sm12)6,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy- isoflavonoid on the basis of UV, NMR, and MS data. Totally, 14 metabolites were identified via HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn analysis, from which the formononetin was incubated with rat hepatic S9 fraction, and the main metabolic pathways were hydroxylation, demethylation, and glycosylation. Then, 21 metabolites were identified via HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn analysis from the urine samples from SD rats to which ononin was orally administered, and the main metabolic pathways were glucuronidation, hydroxylation, demethylation, and sulfonation. The main difference between the in vitro metabolism of formononetin and the in vivo metabolism of ononin is that ononin undergoes deglycemic transformation into Formonetin in the rat intestine, while Formonetin is absorbed into the bloodstream for metabolism, and the metabolic products also produce combined metabolites during in vivo metabolism. The six metabolites obtained from the aforementioned separation indicate the primary forms of formononetin metabolism, and due to their higher contents of similar isoflavone metabolites, they are considered the main active compounds that are responsible for pharmacological effects. To investigate the metabolites of the active ingredients of formononetin in the rat liver S9 system, network pharmacology was used to evaluate the cardiovascular disease (CVD) activities of the six primary metabolites that were structurally identified. Additionally, the macromolecular docking results of six main components and two core targets (HSP90AA1 and SRC) related to CVD showed that formononetin and its main metabolites, Sm10 and Sm12, may have roles in CVD treatment due to their strong binding activities with the HSP90AA1 receptor, while the Sm7 metabolite may have a role in CVD treatment due to its strong binding activity with the SRC receptor.

LINC01234 Sponging of the miR-513a-5p/AOX1 Axis is Upregulated in Osteoporosis and Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Non-coding RNAs, including long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA), have been implicated in osteoporosis (OP) progression by regulating osteoblast-dependent bone metabolism. Herein, we investigated whether LINC01234, miR-513a-5p, and AOX1 regulate osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The expression of LINC01234, miR-513a-5p, and AOX1 was monitored using RT-qPCR or western blotting. Cell proliferation was assessed using a CCK8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and alizarin red dye staining were performed to determine osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, such as ALP, BMP1 (bone morphogenetic protein 1), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN), was determined by RT-qPCR. Luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were performed to verify the interplay between miR-513a-5p and LINC01234 or AOX1. Compared with the plasma of healthy controls, LINC01234 and AOX1 were highly expressed in the plasma of patients with OP, whereas miR-513a-5p showed low expression. In contrast, LINC01234 and AOX1 expression displayed a gradual decrease in induced differentiated hMSCs, while miR-513a-5p expression was upregulated with induction time. The predicted binding sites between miR-513a-5p and LINC01234 or AOX1 were verified by luciferase reporter and RIP assays. LINC01234 silencing induced osteogenic differentiation and proliferation in vitro, and miR-513a-5p silencing blunted osteogenic differentiation and proliferation modulated by LINC01234. AOX1 silencing caused by miR-513a-5p enhances osteogenic proliferation and differentiation. LINC01234 sponging of the miR-513a-5p/AOX1 axis impeded the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, favoring OP progression.

The In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Potential Mechanism of Action of 1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]Ciprofloxacin-(4-methyl/phenyl/benzyl-3- aryl)-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione Hybrids.

AIM: Development of 1-[(1R, 2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]ciprofloxacin-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)- thione hybrids as potential dual-acting mechanism anticancer agent to overcome the drug resistance. BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy is an essential tool for the treatment of lung and female breast cancers, and numerous anticancer agents have been launched for this purpose. However, the clinical outcomes of chemotherapy are usually far from satisfactory due to the side effects and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel anti-lung and anti-breast cancer agents. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of bis-isatin scaffolds with alkyl/ether linkers between the two isatin moieties against different human breast cancer cell lines including A549, MCF-7 and their drug-resistant counterparts A549/CDDP, MCF-7/ADM cells. METHODS: The 1-[(1R, 2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]ciprofloxacin-(4-methyl/phenyl/benzyl-3-aryl)-1,2,4- triazole-5(4H)-thione hybrids were screened for their in vitro activity against drug-sensitive lung (A549), breast (MCF-7) and their drug-resistant counterparts A549/CDDP (cisplatin-resistant), MCF- 7/ADM (doxorubicin-resistant) cancer cell lines by MTT assay. The inhibitory activity of these hybrids against topoisomerase II and EGFR was also evaluated to investigate the potential mechanism of action of these hybrids. RESULTS: The most prominent hybrid 7k (IC50: 37.28-49.05 µM) was comparable to Vorinostat against A549 and A549/CDDP lung cancer cells, and was 2.79-2.94 times more active than Vorinostat against MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADM breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, hybrid 7k (IC50: 8.6 and 16.4 µM) also demonstrated dual inhibition against topoisomerase II and EGFR. CONCLUSION: The 1-[(1R, 2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]ciprofloxacin-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione hybrids possess equally activity against both drug-sensitive cancer cells and their drug-resistant counterparts, and the majority of them were no inferior to the reference Vorinostat. The mechanistic study revealed that these hybrids could inhibit both topoisomerase II and EGFR, so these hybrids can be developed as dual-acting mechanism anticancer agents.

Isatin dimers and their biological activities.

Dimerization is a promising strategy to develop novel drug candidates that could extend the biological spectrum, enhance the activity, overcome drug resistance, as well as improve pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and physicochemical profiles. Isatin dimers possess a broad spectrum of biological properties and the isatin dimer indirubin has already been used in the clinic, revealing the potential of isatin dimers as putative drugs. This review covers the recent advances of isatin dimers as pharmacologically significant scaffolds and the structure-activity relationship to set up the direction for the design and development of isatin dimers with higher efficiency and lower toxicity.

MicroRNA-451 Aggravates Kainic Acid-induced Seizure and Neuronal Apoptosis by Targeting GDNF.

AIM: Epilepsy is a common and serious neurological disease that causes recurrent episodes, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Abnormal miRNA expression is associated with epilepsy, including miR-451. This research investigated the role of miR-451 in seizure and its detailed mechanism. METHODS: The seizure mice model was induced by kainic acid (KA) injection to the right lateral cerebral ventricle. Behavioral changes in mice were observed and evaluated by the Racine Scale. The miR-451 knockout mice were established by adenovirus infection. The in vitro model was performed by miR-451 mimics transfected HEK-293 cells. The amount of neuronal death and morphological changes were evaluated by Nissl staining and H&E staining. RESULTS: The results showed that miR-451 is up regulated in KA-induced seizure models and miR- 451 knockout decreased the behavior score and improved the pathological changes of the hippocampus. Besides, MiR-451 knockout inhibited the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Bioinformatics studies have shown that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a target gene of miR-451. MiR-451 could negatively regulate the expression of GDNF. GDNF overexpression could reverse the effect of miR-451 on KA induced brain injury and neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION: This research demonstrates that miR-451 can affect the behavior of KA-induced epilepsy mice and hippocampal neuronal damage by regulating GDNF expression. The results would provide an experimental foundation for further research about the potential contribution of mi- RNAs to epilepsy pathophysiology.

Total Flavonoids in Caragana (TFC) Promotes Angiogenesis and Enhances Cerebral Perfusion in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke.

Previous studies have demonstrated that total flavonoid extracts from Caragana sinica (TFC) exert multiple therapeutic effects, promote blood flow, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to investigate whether TFC promotes angiogenesis and exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Male Wistar rats were subjected to tMCAO for 1.5 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. TFC (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) was administered for 14 days. Evaluations of neurological function were performed following reperfusion, and infarct volumes were assessed in brain slices stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Our results indicated that TFC significantly attenuated cerebral infarct volume and neurological deficits following tMCAO. Laser Doppler, micro-PET/CT, and MRI analyses further demonstrated that TFC reduced infarct volume and enhanced cerebral blood flow in a dose-dependent manner, with the most significant effects occurring at a concentration of 60 mg/kg. Significant up-regulation of CD31, VEGF, Ang-1, HIF-1α, delta-like 4 (Dll4), and Notch1 expression was also observed in the experimental groups, relative to that in the vehicle group. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that TFC (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) attenuates neurological deficits, reduces infarct volume, and promotes angiogenesis following MCAO in a concentration-dependent manner, likely via increases in the expression of CD31, VEGF, Ang-1, HIF-1α, Dll4, and Notch1. Further studies are required to determine the clinical usefulness and potential mechanisms of TFC in patients with cerebral focal ischemic stroke.

Neuroprotective effect of salvianolate lyophilized injection against cerebral ischemia in type 1 diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Salvianolate lyophilized injection (SLI) has been clinically used in China for the treatment of acutely cerebral infarction. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that Diabetes mellitus (DM) not only increases the risk of ischemic stroke recurrence but also leads to poor outcomes and increases fatality rates after stroke. Our previous study has proved that SLI can reduce the infarct volume after stroke in type 1 diabetic rats. The aim of the study is to explore the mechanism of SLI on stroke outcome in type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats. METHODS: Type 1 diabetes rats model (T1DM) was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and T1DM rats were subjected to intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The T1DM + MCAO rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham-operated, model-vehicle, positive control group (Edaravone-treating, DE 6 mg/kg) and SLI-treating group (10.5 mg/kg, 21 mg/kg and 42 mg/kg). SLI and DE were administered by tail vein injection at 3 h after MCAO, then daily for 14 days. Micro-CT scans of the brain tissue revealed vessel characteristics and distribution in the ischemia zone. Glucose uptake was analyzed by PET/CT. RAGE, MMP9 and inflammatory factors (COX-2, TNF-α and ICAM-1), HQ-1, HQO-1 and Nrf-2 expression levels in the ischemic brain tissue were analyzed by Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot at 14 days after MCAO. RESULTS: In this study, we have demonstrated that SLI treatment significantly increased the number of brain microvasculature in ipsilateral and glucose uptake in cortex, hippocampus and penumbra in the T1DM + MCAO rats. SLI also significantly decreased the expression of RAGE, MMP9 and inflammatory factors expression, and increased the expression of HQ-1, HQO-1 and Nrf-2 in T1DM + MCAO rats. CONCLUSION: The study showed that SLI could protect against cerebral ischemia injury in T1DM + MCAO rats and the mechanism is related to decrease inflammatory factors and activate of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Protective effects of total flavonoids in Caragana against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

This study aimed to explore the protective effect of total flavonoids in Caragana against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Human BMECs were selected and assigned into control, H/R, H/R+NMP, H/R+Low dose, H/R+Moderate dose, H/R+High dose groups. MTT and Transwell assays were used to detect cell viability and migration, respectively. Cell adhesion rate and tube formation were also detected. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed to test HIF-1α, VEGF and Notch1 mRNA and protein expressions. Compared with the H/R group, the cell viability rates in the H/R+NMP, H/R+Moderate dose and H/R+High dose groups were increased. The cell adhesion rates in the H/R+NMP, H/R+Moderate dose and H/R+High dose groups were significantly different from those in the H/R group. As compared to the H/R group, the cell migration abilities in the H/R+NMP, H/R+Moderate dose and H/R+High dose groups were enhanced. Compared with the H/R group, the number and length of tubes of BMECs in the H/R+NMP, H/R+High dose and H/R+Moderate dose groups were increased. HIF-1α, VEGF and Notch1 mRNA and protein expressions were higher in the H/R+Low dose, H/R+Moderate dose and H/R+High dose groups than in the H/R group. These findings revealed that total flavonoids in Caragana can protect BMECs from H/R-induced injury in a dose-dependent manner and it also may promote angiogenesis in BMECs by activating HIF- 1α-VEGF-Notch 1 signaling pathway.

Effect of Baicalin-loaded PEGylated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles modified by OX26 antibody on regulating the levels of baicalin and amino acids during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

Baicalin has many pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective function against ischemia and neurodegeneration. In our previous study, we found that Baicalin-loaded PEGylated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles modified by OX26 antibody (OX26-PEG-CSLN) might be a promising carrier to deliver drugs across the blood-brain barrier for the treatment of brain diseases. So, the aim of this present study was to further elucidate the mechanisms of OX26-PEG-CSLN cerebral ischemia protection by monitoring the changes of extracellular amino acids. In addition, we investigated the effect of OX26-PEG-CSLN on the excitotoxic neuronal injury as well as the pharmacokinetic profiles of baicalin in cerebrospinal fluid during ischemia-reperfusion period. The cerebrospinal fluid was collected by a microdialysis technique and divided into two parts - one part for pharmacokinetic study of baicalin using LC-MS/MS method and the other for pharmacodynamic study which was done by pre- column derivatization of the amino acids and analysis using a high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The pharmacokinetic study showed that the AUC value of OX26-PEG-CSLN was 5.69-fold higher than that of the baicalin solution (Sol) (P<0.05) and the Cmax value of OX26-PEG-CSLN was 6.84-fold higher than that of the Sol (P<0.05). Moreover, the extracellular levels of glutamate (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), glycine (Gly), taurine (Tau) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured for monitoring the imbalance of amino acids caused by ischemia and reperfusion. The excitotoxic index (EI) was also calculated for evaluating the imbalance between excitatory amino acid and inhibitory amino acid. The pharmacodynamic study showed that OX26-PEG-CSLN had stronger effect than Sol in reducing the content of aspartic, glutamic acid and increasing the concentrations of glycine, taurine and γ-aminobutyric acid during ischemia-reperfusion period. In conclusion, OX26-PEG-CSLN improved uptake of baicalin across the BBB into the brain, and elevated bioavailability of baicalin in cerebral spinal fluid of rats under the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. OX26-PEG-CSLN had much higher protection effect against cerebral ischemia injury than Sol by relieving the excitotoxic neuronal injury via regulating amino acid levels in cerebral spinal fluid.

Salvianolate lyophilized injection promotes post-stroke functional recovery via the activation of VEGF and BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling pathway.

Reports show that, while the mechanism remains unknown, salvianolate lyophilized injection (SLI) improves functional recovery after stroke in diabetic rats. In this study, we investigated the mechanism and effect of SLI on stroke outcome in type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats. T1DM were induced in adult male Wistar rats by injecting streptozotocin. T1DM rats were then subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). SLI (10.5, 21, 42 mg/kg, respectively) was administered by tail vein injection at 24 hours after MCAO, and dayly and last for 14 days. The neurological deficit score and brain infarct volume were assessed after 14 days. Also, VEGF, BDNF, TrkB, CREB and p-CREB levels in the ischemic brain tissue were analyzed with western blot at 14 days after MCAO. SLI significantly reduced neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volume, and reduced lesion volumes at all time points. SLI also increased the expression of VEGF, BDNF, TrkB, CREB and p-CREB protein levels in T1DM-MCAO rats. In summary, our results demonstrate that SLI can improve functional recovery after stroke in diabetic rats, and the mechanism of treating cerebral ischemic injury is related to the activation of the VEGF, BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling pathway.